影響台灣佛寺庭園景觀特質之因素研究

In order to understand the landscape characteristics of Taiwan Buddhism Temple Garden, the study explores the type, function, symbol and design factors of landscape elements in Taiwan's Buddhism Temple Garden. To achieve research objectives, the study uses questionnaire survey. Variable included in the questionnaire are generated from the related references of Chinese and Japanese garden. The study uses frequency and chi-square test to analyze the result. The conclusions of the study are described as follows: 1. The most important landscape element is the lotus pool, followed by fountain, rock mountain and the Buddhist statue. 2. The major function of landscape elements are to embellish the landscape, symbolize the religion and imitate the nature. 3. The environment, transportation, topography, square measure and the function of the garden are the important factors in Buddhism Temple Garden design.本研究之主要目的為探討構成台灣佛寺庭園的景觀元素之類型、功能與象徵意涵，以及影響台灣佛寺庭園設計的因素，以瞭解台灣佛寺庭寺的景觀特質。由於日本佛教以及中國佛教影響台灣的佛教至深，因此本研究首先彙整中國與日本庭園的相關文獻，以作為問巻的方式進行調查。本研究以頻度統計進行結果的描述，以卡方考驗分析進行假設的檢定。經由分析的結果，本研究得到的結論如下： 1.構成台灣佛寺庭園的景觀元素最多的是蓮花池，其次是噴泉、疊石假山以及佛像或神像。 2.構成台灣佛寺庭園的景觀元素主要具有豐富美化園景的功能、宗教象徵以及模擬自然的象徵意涵。 3.佛寺所在位置的周圍環境、交通、地形、庭園的功能與面積，為影響台灣佛寺庭園設計的重要因素

Guanxi, IT Systems, and Innovation Capability: The Moderating Role of Proactiveness

In Chinese exporting, small and medium-sized companies (SMEs) need to be innovative to develop a competitive advantage. This research explored how these organizations can use two resources: 1) guanxi with customers, distributors, suppliers, and government officials; and 2) IT systems to enhance their innovation capabilities and new product performance. The moderating role of an organization’s proactiveness with respect to new product development is also examined. The resource-based view provides the theoretical support for the research. A conceptual model is developed and tested using survey data gathered from 210 Chinese SMEs in manufacturing industries that were analyzed using SmartPLS 2.0. Results show that IT systems are positively related to innovation capability. The relationship between guanxi and innovation capability is significant for firms that exhibit high levels of proactiveness but not when proactiveness is low

An Overview of Regional Experiments on Biomass Burning Aerosols and Related Pollutants in Southeast Asia: From BASE-ASIA and the Dongsha Experiment to 7-SEAS

By modulating the Earth-atmosphere energy, hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and affecting regional-to-global weather and climate, biomass burning is recognized as one of the major factors affecting the global carbon cycle. However, few comprehensive and wide-ranging experiments have been conducted to characterize biomass-burning pollutants in Southeast Asia (SEA) or assess their regional impact on meteorology, the hydrological cycle, the radiative budget, or climate change. Recently, BASEASIA (Biomass-burning Aerosols in South-East Asia: Smoke Impact Assessment) and the 7-SEAS (7- South-East Asian Studies) Dongsha Experiment were conducted during the spring seasons of 2006 and 2010 in northern SEA, respectively, to characterize the chemical, physical, and radiative properties of biomass-burning emissions near the source regions, and assess their effects. This paper provides an overview of results from these two campaigns and related studies collected in this special issue, entitled Observation, modeling and impact studies of biomass burning and pollution in the SE Asian Environment. This volume includes 28 papers, which provide a synopsis of the experiments, regional weatherclimate, chemical characterization of biomass-burning aerosols and related pollutants in source and sink regions, the spatial distribution of air toxics (atmospheric mercury and dioxins) in source and remote areas, a characterization of aerosol physical, optical, and radiative properties, as well as modeling and impact studies. These studies, taken together, provide the first relatively complete dataset of aerosol chemistry and physical observations conducted in the sourcesink region in the northern SEA, with particular emphasis on the marine boundary layer and lower free troposphere (LFT). The data, analysis and modeling included in these papers advance our present knowledge of source characterization of biomass-burning pollutants near the source regions as well as the physical and chemical processes along transport pathways. In addition, we raise key questions to be addressed by a coming deployment during springtime 2013 in northern SEA, named 7-SEASBASELInE (Biomass-burning Aerosols Stratocumulus Environment: Lifecycles and Interactions Experiment). This campaign will include a synergistic approach for further exploring many key atmospheric processes (e.g., complex aerosol-cloud interactions) and impacts of biomass burning on the surface-atmosphere energy budgets during the lifecycles of biomass burning emissions

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. For example, a key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process versus those that measure fl ux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process including the amount and rate of cargo sequestered and degraded). In particular, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation must be differentiated from stimuli that increase autophagic activity, defi ned as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (inmost higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium ) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the fi eld understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. It is worth emphasizing here that lysosomal digestion is a stage of autophagy and evaluating its competence is a crucial part of the evaluation of autophagic flux, or complete autophagy. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. Along these lines, because of the potential for pleiotropic effects due to blocking autophagy through genetic manipulation it is imperative to delete or knock down more than one autophagy-related gene. In addition, some individual Atg proteins, or groups of proteins, are involved in other cellular pathways so not all Atg proteins can be used as a specific marker for an autophagic process. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asia and comparison with a European population.

Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Known risk variants explain only a small fraction of lung adenocarcinoma heritability. Here, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma of East Asian ancestry (21,658 cases and 150,676 controls; 54.5% never-smokers) and identified 12 novel susceptibility variants, bringing the total number to 28 at 25 independent loci. Transcriptome-wide association analyses together with colocalization studies using a Taiwanese lung expression quantitative trait loci dataset (n = 115) identified novel candidate genes, including FADS1 at 11q12 and ELF5 at 11p13. In a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of East Asian and European studies, four loci were identified at 2p11, 4q32, 16q23, and 18q12. At the same time, most of our findings in East Asian populations showed no evidence of association in European populations. In our studies drawn from East Asian populations, a polygenic risk score based on the 25 loci had a stronger association in never-smokers vs. individuals with a history of smoking (Pinteraction = 0.0058). These findings provide new insights into the etiology of lung adenocarcinoma in individuals from East Asian populations, which could be important in developing translational applications

Genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma in East Asia and comparison with a European population

Lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer. Known risk variants explain only a small fraction of lung adenocarcinoma heritability. Here, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of lung adenocarcinoma of East Asian ancestry (21,658 cases and 150,676 controls; 54.5% never-smokers) and identified 12 novel susceptibility variants, bringing the total number to 28 at 25 independent loci. Transcriptome-wide association analyses together with colocalization studies using a Taiwanese lung expression quantitative trait loci dataset (n = 115) identified novel candidate genes, including FADS1 at 11q12 and ELF5 at 11p13. In a multi-ancestry meta-analysis of East Asian and European studies, four loci were identified at 2p11, 4q32, 16q23, and 18q12. At the same time, most of our findings in East Asian populations showed no evidence of association in European populations. In our studies drawn from East Asian populations, a polygenic risk score based on the 25 loci had a stronger association in never-smokers vs. individuals with a history of smoking (P interaction  = 0.0058). These findings provide new insights into the etiology of lung adenocarcinoma in individuals from East Asian populations, which could be important in developing translational applications

The Antecedents of Dynamic Capabilities and their impacts on the transformation of business models – The case of fashion cloth industry in Taiwan.

[[abstract]]近年來，企業面對市場環境變化時有效因應變化、調整策略是必要且重要的手段與利器。為了能快速回應環境的需求，內部資源的整合，外部資訊的取得與協助，變的越來越重要。面對這種經營及競爭壓力與日俱增的外在環境，企業勢必得調整其經營策略，透過與競爭對手間的競爭比較，在創造利潤的價值鏈活動中，找出自己的競爭優勢及利基。傳統靜態的策略思考，先嚴密的規劃，後妥善的執行，將無法順應市場快速變化的腳步，取而代之乃是快速回應、動態調整、掌握未來可能的改變並主導未來的經營環境，取得競爭的優勢。而Teece et al. (1997) 認為傳統的的競爭分析模式，已經無法完全提供企業面對快速環境變化時的因應策略。因此，提出動態能力理論(Dynamic Capabilities Theory)，引導組織建立對內、外部資源整合，重整能力，以反應環境中的快速變化，進而建立與維持組織的競爭優勢。 為了瞭解動態能力(Dynamic Capabilities)的影響因素，本研究的目的在於經由相關文獻的探討，以動態能力的觀點藉由台灣流行服飾業者經質性研究的深度訪談法探討：1.企業之中那些是自我醞育催化而成的動態能力。2.對於何種外部因素會促使企業動態能力的浮現。3.動態能力乃企業為延續成長發展而進行經營轉型的推動力量。 本研究的實證結果指出，企業的經驗、工作實務熟練及學習機制都是企業自我醞育催化而成的動態能力來源；而市場動態性、失敗案例、危機與產業訊息也都是促使動態能力的浮現；並且經由動態能力的推動，企業為永續發展而進行經營轉型企求更佳的成長空間。對學術價值而言，本研究驗證動態能力的影響因素及動態能力與策略改變、企業轉型之間的關係，提昇動態能力的研究範疇。在實務上則指出，企業在面臨快速環境變化之時，企業隨時藉由自我醞育催化及外部因素刺激而浮現的動態能力做為即時回應、動態調整、積續能耐，並且藉由企業轉型掌控短期經營優勢，進而取得長期競爭條件。[[abstract]]Fast growing technology has made market competition more intensive than ever before. In response to the fierce competition, firms must promptly adjust their strategies through resource integration in order to maintain the long-term competitive advantage and gain the financial payoff from the value chain system. The conventional decision-making process that includes complete planning, proper execution and full control has been questioned whether to assist the firms in responding to the fast-changing competition environment. Thus, scholars (e.g., Teece et al. 1997) have proposed the Dynamic Capabilities Theory to bridge the gap. Dynamic Capabilities refer to a firm’s capabilities to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments in order to outperform their competitors. The purpose of this study is to apply Dynamic Capabilities theory to better understand how firms adjust their business models in the rapid changing environment of fashion cloth industry in Taiwan. And this study consists of three research questions： (1) What dynamic capabilities are incubated and catalyzed within the firms? (2) What external factors bring about the emergence of the firms’ dynamic capabilities? (3) The dynamic capabilities is the enterprise for continues the growth development to carry on business model’s transformation the impelling force. This study used in-depth interview method for data collection. After a careful analysis grounded upon theoretical rationales, the results show that the antecedents to the firms’ dynamic capabilities are hands on experience, repeated practices, learning mechanisms, market dynamism, failure cases and industry information. As a result of the appearance of Dynamic capabilities, the sample firms adapt slightly different ways of transforming their business models to sustain their competitive positions within the industry. As for the contribution to theory advancement, this study provides the conceptual model that specifies the antecedents of dynamic capabilities and their consequences (i.e., the transformation of business models). On the other hand, this study also provides practitioners insightful information of how to create their firms’ dynamic capabilities so that the firms are able to promptly respond to the fast changing environment by means of the transformation of business models in order to maintain short-term advantage and achieve the long-term survival

居民對於鹿港鎮地方依附與景觀偏好關係之探討

本研究以鹿港鎮為研究基地，欲了解地方居民對一地區的地方依附差異及對景觀偏好程度的差異，並進一步探討地方依附與景觀偏好之間的關係。首先，在地方依附部分，透過問卷對居民進行訪談，共取得有效問卷遊客 239 份；景觀偏好部分，利用隨機與訪談後所拍攝出來的 50 張照片，分為六大景觀類型，讓受測者依照喜好程度予以評分。研究結果發現，在地方依附與景觀偏好的相關分析中，居民的地方依附與景觀偏好相關分析結果呈現低度相關。根據研究結果，建議相關單位針對地方居民偏好程度較低的荒地景觀與道路景觀進行優先改善；並針對偏好程度最高的主要景觀給予有效的維護與保存。Lukang has been keeping its very traditional face with diversity of cultural resources. However, because of recent modernization and increasing tourism development, residents now have experienced the landscape transformation of small town as well as their shifting emotional bonds to this place. This study therefore emphasizes the relationship between place attachment and landscape preference. In order to explore residents' place attachment toward to Lukang Township, structured questionnaire was designed and included three major parts: 1). personal background of respondent, 2). the characteristics of travel (for visitor) and of residence (for local), and 3).place attachment, composted of place dependence (15 items) and place identity (13 items), with Likert six points of rating scale. The dimensions of place dependence and place identity mainly adapted from Bricker & Kerstetter (2000) and Kaltenborn & Williams(2002). Total 50 colorful photos in the format of 5x7 inches (35 photos from randomly selected grid of Lukang area plus15 photos suggested by local authority) were randomly presented to residents. Respondents were asked to answer their landscape preference against each picture using Likert seven points of rating scale from 1 as most disliked to 7 as most liked. The data collected from 250 residents respondents in convenience associated with random sampling at study site, were analyzed by using SPSS software with statistical methods of frequency description, factor analysis, Pearson correlation analysis. According to the results, the characteristics of tourism attraction with traditional culture still play the important role to catch appreciation of resident. Therefore preservation of cultural heritage should be proposed much more deliberately